Govt.Medical College Central Library, Kottayam Search for 'su:"Cornea"'

Corneal graft failure

Elsevier International Projects, New York 1973

Cornea : fundamentals, diagnosis and management vol.1

By Mannis, Mark J.; Holland, Edward J.. Amsterdam Elsevier, 2022 . 1145+index , I. FUNDAMENTALS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT PART I. Basic Science: Cornea, Sclera, Ocular Adnexa Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiologic Responses 1. Cornea and Sclera: Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Development of the Anterior Eye Segment 2. The Conjunctiva: Anatomy and Physiology Embryology Anatomy Histology Vascular Supply Lymphatic Drainage Nerve Supply Normal Flora Physiology of the Conjunctiva 3. Tear Film Macrostructure and Function Evaluation of the Tear Film Microstructure Tear Production 4. Eyelids and the Corneal Surface Introduction Anatomy 5. A Matrix of Pathologic Responses in the Cornea Anatomic Regions of the Cornea General Pathologic Responses of the Cornea Specific Pathologic Responses of the Cornea Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Epithelium Pathologic Responses of the Subepithelial Zone Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Stroma Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Endothelium and Descemet Membrane The Immune Response: Components and Reactions in the Eye Soluble Mediators/Receptors of Inflammation Tissue Components of the Ocular Immune System Cell-Mediated Immune Response Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Anterior Chamber–Associated Immune Deviation Immune Hypersensitivity Reactions Examining and Imaging the Cornea and External Eye SECTION 1. Basic Evaluation of the Cornea and External Eye 6. Examination of the Lids General Principles History of the Patient Dermatologic Examination Eyelid Position Tear Meniscus and Puncta Anterior Eyelid Posterior Eyelid Meibomian Gland Expression Mucocutaneous Junction Meibomian Gland Imaging 7. Slit Lamp Examination and Photography Section I: Examination Section II: Photography 8. Tear Film and Corneal Diagnostic Techniques Introduction Dry Eye Questionnaires General Inspection Slit Lamp Examination Tear Stability Corneal Staining Tear Production and Volume Meibomian Gland Health Tear Clearance Tests Point-of-Care Tests Devices Used in the Assessment of Dry Eye Disease Conclusion SECTION 2. Laboratory Investigations 9. Practical Ophthalmic Microbiology for the Detection of Corneal Pathogens Introduction Communication: Ophthalmologist and Laboratory Corneal Specimen Collection Stains and Cytology Specimens Bacterial Laboratory Diagnosis Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection Laboratory Detection of Acanthamoeba and Microsporidia Laboratory Diagnosis of Adenovirus Infection Laboratory Testing for Herpes Simplex Virus Laboratory Testing for Varicella-Zoster Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory Testing for Chlamydia Laboratory Diagnosis: Unusual Requests Summary 10. Molecular Genetics of Corneal Disease Review of Genetics and Human Disease Techniques Used to Identify Disease-Causing Genes Disease-Causing Mutations Versus Non–Disease-Causing Sequence Variations Epithelial and Subepithelial Corneal Dystrophies Epithelial-Stromal TGFBI Dystrophies Stromal Dystrophies Endothelial Dystrophies Other Conditions Conclusion SECTION 3. Imaging Techniques of the Cornea 11. Keratometry and Topography Keratometry Corneal Topography Topographic Maps Applications Conclusion 12. Corneal Shape Analysis and Biomechanical Assessment Scheimpflug Principle Three-Dimensional Image—Cornea and Lens Densitometry (Backscatter) Elevation Maps—Enhanced Elevation Cone Location Displaced Apex Syndrome Enhanced Reference Surface Comprehensive Corneal Thickness Evaluation Spatial Variation of Corneal Thickness Segmental Tomography Corneal Biomechanical Assessment Conclusion 13. Specular Microscopy Optical Principles of Specular Microscopy Patient Preparation Standardization of Imaging Techniques Instrumentation Qualitative Specular Microscopy Quantitative Specular Microscopy Specular Microscopy in Clinical Trials and the Value of a Reading Center Clinical Applications for Specular Microscopy Summary 14. Confocal Microscopy Background In Vivo Confocal Imaging Applications Imaging Corneal Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generated Signals Normal Human Corneal Stromal Collagen Organization Collagen Organization in Keratoconus Corneas Combining in Vivo and Second Harmonic Generated Confocal Imaging Conclusion 15. Clinical Applications of Confocal Microscopy Introduction Normal Exam Infectious Keratitis Acanthamoeba Keratitis Fungal Keratitis Corneal Dystrophies Keratoconus Endothelium Evaluation Corneal Surgery and Wound Healing Corneal Disease Corneal Nerves Dry Eye Corneal/Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia Systemic Diseases Conclusion Declaration of Interests 16. High-Resolution Ultrasound Ultrasound Biomicroscopy: High-Resolution Ultrasound Examination Techniques With Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Use of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Disease Summary 17. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Introduction Detection and Classification of Keratoconus and Other Corneal Irregularities Refractive Surgery Evaluation Corneal Power Measurement and Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Corneal Opacities Cornea Transplant Refractive Implants Ocular Surface and Iris Tumors Other Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Applications PART III. Differential Diagnosis of Selected Problems in Cornea and External Eye Disease 18. Congenital Corneal Opacities: Diagnosis and Management Background History and Physical Examination Sclerocornea (S TUMPED) Tears in the Endothelium and Descemet Membrane (S T UMPED) Corneal Ulcers and Inflammation (ST U MPED) Metabolic Diseases (STU M PED) Miscellaneous Syndromes Posterior Corneal Defects (STUM P ED) Endothelial Dystrophy (STUMP E D) Dermoids (STUMPE D) Corneal Keloids 19. Peripheral Corneal Disease The Peripheral Cornea: Susceptibility and Response to Disease Congenital/Developmental/Inherited Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea Neoplastic Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea Degenerative Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea Infectious Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea 20. Evaluation of the Corneal Ulcer History Clinical Exam Testing—Corneal Smears and Cultures Treatment Conclusion 21. Evaluation of Recurrent Corneal Erosions Introduction Presentation Pathophysiology Diagnosis Ancillary Diagnostic Testing 22. Corneal Deposits Superficial Deposits Stromal Deposits Deep Stromal Deposits 23. The Red Eye History Identifying Abnormalities in the Ocular Structures Recognizing Distinctive Ocular Signs Constructing a Differential Diagnosis Conclusion PART IV. Eye Banking 24. Eye Banking: Structure and Function Eye Banking: Past and Present Tissue Acquisition Donor Screening and Authorization Recovery Tissue Preservation and Storage Tissue Evaluation and Suitability Donor Eligibility Tissue Processing and Distribution Facilities, Equipment, Instruments, and Supplies Quality Assurance Future Considerations 25. Medical Standards for Eye Banking Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards Federal and State Regulations Standards Relating to Safety of Tissue Recalls and Market Withdrawals Primary Graft Failure Mechanical and Optical Integrity Future Challenges and Opportunities The Ocular Adnexa SECTION 1. Diseases of the Lid: Anatomic Abnormalities 26. Malposition of the Eyelids Entropion Ectropion Trichiasis and Distichiasis Floppy Eyelid Syndrome Giant Fornix Syndrome Lid Imbrication Syndrome Lagophthalmos Eyelid Retraction SECTION 2. Diseases of the Lid: Tumors, Inflammation, and Infection 27. Benign Lid Tumors Histology of the Eyelid Skin Approach to Diagnosis and Management Benign Tumors of the Epidermis Benign Tumors of the Dermis Benign Tumors of the Eyelid Adnexa Benign Melanocytic Lesions Conclusion 28. Malignant Eyelid Tumors Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Premalignant Lesions Epidemiology and Differential Diagnosis Xeroderma Pigmentosum Muir-Torre Syndrome Summary 29. Blepharitis: Overview and Classification Classification Differential Diagnosis Management 30. Eyelid Infections Viral Infections Bacterial Infections Fungal Infections Parasitic Eyelid Infections SECTION 3. Disorders of Tear Production and the Lacrimal System 31. Dry Eye Overview: Classification and Treatment Algorithm Definition Pathophysiology Classification Scheme Dry Eye Diagnostic Algorithms and Management Guidelines Conclusion 32. Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye Syndrome Pathophysiology Sjögren Syndrome Dry Eye Secondary Lacrimal Gland Deficiencies Diagnosis 33. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Evaporative Dry Eye Normal Anatomy of the Meibomian Glands Terminology Physiology/Pathophysiology Classification of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Diagnosis of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Associated Conditions Animal Models of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Lipid Composition and Behavior of Human Meibomian Secretion Role of Microorganisms Treatment Conclusion 34. Dacryoadenitis, Dacryocystitis, and Canaliculitis Dacryoadenitis Dacryocystitis Canaliculitis 35. Epiphora Introduction Etiology Differential Diagnosis Evaluation Treatment Summary The Conjunctiva SECTION 1. Conjunctivitis 36. Conjunctivitis: An Overview and Classification Conjunctival Injection Conjunctivitis Acute Conjunctivitis Chronic Conjunctivitis 37. Bacterial Conjunctivitis Introduction Acute Conjunctivitis Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivitis Chronic Conjunctivitis Conclusion 38. Viral Conjunctivitis DNA Viruses RNA Viruses 39. Chlamydial Infections Introduction Biology Laboratory Tests for Chlamydia Trachoma Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis Lymphogranuloma Venereum Chlamydia Psittaci and Chlamydia Pneumoniae Conclusion 40. Ophthalmia Neonatorum Pathogenesis and Assessment of Risk The Role of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Causes of Neonatal Conjunctivitis Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Ocular Prophylaxis 41. Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome History Directed Work-Up Individual Etiologies 42. Seasonal and Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis Introduction Clinical Findings Pathophysiology Local Treatments Systemic Treatments Future Developments Conclusion 43. Vernal and Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis 44. Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis Symptoms and Signs Histopathology and Immunopathology Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 45. Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis Ocular Manifestations Management of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid Conclusion 46. Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Introduction History Classification Incidence Clinical Findings Recurrent Disease Differential Diagnosis Etiology Pathogenesis Histopathology Eye Management Conclusion 47. Toxic Conjunctivitis Introduction Toxicity Versus Allergy Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis Related to Topical Medications Other Causes of Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis Therapeutic Considerations 48. Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis Introduction and Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Etiology Histopathology Treatment Modalities Differential Diagnosis Summary 49. Ligneous Conjunctivitis Epidemiology Clinical Findings Pathophysiology/Histopathology Etiology Treatment 50. Conjunctivochalasis Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management Conclusion SECTION 2. Conjunctival Disease: Tumors 51. Epithelial Tumors of the Conjunctiva Benign Tumefactions Malignant Tumefactions 52. Medical and Surgical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Initial Considerations Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Choice of Treatment Modality for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Medical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Surgical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Role of Optical Coherence Tomography During Treatment and Surveillance of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia 53. Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Conjunctiva Introduction Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions Management of Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions 54. Subepithelial Tumors of the Conjunctiva Congenital Lesions Reactive, Degenerative, and Inflammatory Lesions Neoplastic Lesions Other Subconjunctival Neoplastic Lesions Diseases of the Cornea SECTION 1. Developmental Abnormalities of Cornea 55. Developmental Corneal Anomalies of Size and Shape Absence of the Cornea Anomalies of Size Anomalies of Shape Congenital Anterior Staphyloma and Keratectasia 56. Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Terminology Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome 57. Peters Anomaly Peters Anomaly SECTION 2. Corneal Manifestations of Systemic Disease and Therapies 58. Corneal Manifestations of Metabolic Diseases Introduction Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism Lysosomal Storage Disorders Disorders of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan and Lipid Metabolism Disorders of Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, and Protein Metabolism 59. Skeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders With Anterior Segment Manifestations Classification of Skeletal Disorders Treatment of Ocular and Corneal Abnormalities in Skeletal Disorders 60. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Other Systemic Inflammatory Diseases Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Whipple Disease Chronic Granulomatous Disease Kawasaki Disease 61. Nutritional Disorders Metabolism of Vitamin A Historical Considerations Classification and Clinical Manifestations of Xerophthalmia Interactions With Other Factors Epidemiology Treatment Other Nutritional Deficiencies Summary 62. Hematologic Diseases and Malignancies Basics of Hematology Anemia Leukemia Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Plasma Cell Disorders Differential Diagnosis of the Crystalline Keratopathies 63. Endocrine Disease and the Cornea Diabetes Mellitus Parathyroid Disease Thyroid Disease Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 64. Dermatologic Disorders and the Cornea Inflammatory and Papulosquamous Disorders Immunobullous Disorders Genetic Disorders Miscellaneous Disorders Summary 65. Infectious Disease: Ocular Manifestations Emerging Infections Established Infections 66. Corneal and External Ocular Infections in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Viral Infections Other Viruses Summary 67. Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Introduction Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Conjunctival Disease Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca/Dry Eye Syndrome Management of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease 68. Corneal Manifestations of Local and Systemic Therapies Topical Ophthalmic Medications Surgical Solutions Systemic Therapies Conclusion SECTION 3. Corneal Dystrophies, Ectatic Disorders, and Degenerations 69. Corneal Dystrophy Classification History Corneal Dystrophy Definition Corneal Dystrophy Classification in the Literature Shortcomings of Corneal Dystrophy Nomenclature and Classification The Impact of Genotyping on Corneal Dystrophy Nomenclature The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies The IC3D Classification—an Anatomically Based Classification System The IC3D Category System to Denote the Evolution of a Corneal Dystrophy The IC3D Templates Changes from 2008 to 2015 IC3D Summary 70. Anterior Corneal Dystrophies Epithelial Corneal Dystrophies Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy (IC3D, EBMD, Some Category 1) Corneal Dystrophies of Bowman Layer 71. The Stromal Dystrophies Granular Corneal Dystrophy Lattice Corneal Dystrophy Macular Corneal Dystrophy Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy Fleck Corneal Dystrophy Central Cloudy Dystrophy of François Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy Pre-Descemet Corneal Dystrophy 72. Descemet Membrane and Endothelial Dystrophies Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy X-Linked Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy 73. Noninflammatory Ectatic Disorders Keratoconus Pellucid Marginal Degeneration Keratoglobus Posterior Keratoconus 74. Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome History and Background Clinical Features Etiology Clinical Course Differential Diagnosis Management Summary 75. Corneal and Conjunctival Degenerations Corneal Degenerations Conjunctival Degenerations SECTION 4. Corneal Infections 76. Bacterial Keratitis Introduction Epidemiology Host Defense and Risk Factors Pathogenesis Natural History Presentation Differential Diagnosis Clinical Examination Specific Bacterial Ulcers Laboratory Investigation Other Diagnostic Tools Specific Therapeutic Agents and Resistance Patterns Strategies for Initial Management Modification of Therapy Therapy for Complicated Cases Surgical Management Prevention and Early Detection Counseling and Referral 77. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Keratitis Overview Classification Risk Factors Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Medical Treatment Surgical Treatment 78. Herpes Simplex Keratitis Viral Structure and Classification Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Management 79. Herpes Zoster Keratitis Epidemiology Clinical Disorders Diagnosis of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus 80. Less Common Viral Corneal Infections DNA Viruses RNA Viruses 81. Fungal Keratitis Introduction Pathogenesis Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Features Laboratory Diagnosis Medical Therapy Surgical Therapy Prognosis Conclusion Acknowledgment Acanthamoeba and Other Parasitic Corneal Infections Acanthamoeba Keratitis Other Parasitic Corneal Infections 83. Corneal Diseases in the Developing World Global Data on Corneal Blindness Causes of Corneal Blindness Xerophthalmia Trachoma Onchocerciasis Leprosy Ophthalmia Neonatorum Corneal Trauma Infectious Keratitis Traditional Eye Medicines Keratoconus Corneal Dystrophies Keratoplasty Models for Tackling Corneal Blindness Conclusion SECTION 5. Interstitial Keratitis 84. Syphilitic Keratitis Epidemiology Pathogenesis Stromal Keratitis of Congenital Syphilis Stromal Keratitis of Acquired Syphilis Syphilitic Keratopathy Laboratory Investigation Management 85. Nonsyphilitic Interstitial Keratitis Nonsyphilitic Bacterial Infections Associated with Interstitial Keratitis Parasitic Infections Associated with Interstitial Keratitis Viral Infections Cogan Syndrome SECTION 6. Noninfectious Keratopathy 86. Filamentary Keratitis Introduction Background Pathophysiology Associated Conditions Clinical Manifestations Treatment Summary 87. Superficial Punctate Keratitis of Thygeson History Epidemiology Disease Course and Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Treatment Pathogenesis 88. Neurotrophic Keratitis Clinical Causes Biochemical Basis Clinical Findings Histopathologic Findings Clinical Evaluation Management Summary 89. Factitious Keratoconjunctivitis Introduction Factitious Disorders Defined Miscellaneous Types of Self-Induced Trauma Topical Anesthetic Abuse SECTION 7. Immunologic Disorders of the Cornea 90. Corneal Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Introduction Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Treatment Conclusion 91. Corneal Disease Associated With Nonrheumatoid Collagen-Vascular Disease The Collagenoses The Vasculitides Conclusion 92. Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis and Marginal Staphylococcal Keratitis Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis Staphylococcal Marginal Keratitis 93. Mooren Ulcer Introduction Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Additional Surgery Prognosis Summary SECTION 8. Corneal Trauma 94. Mechanical Injury Approach to the Patient With a Corneal Injury Abrading Injuries Blunt Trauma Injuries Caused by Radiant Energy Thermal Burns Foreign Body Injuries Clinical Signs and Findings Stings 95. Chemical and Thermal Injuries of the Eye Introduction Epidemiology of Chemical Eye Injuries Etiology of Chemical Injury: Causative Agents Emergency Management Acute Management Emergency Surgery Chronic Phase Glaucoma Management Future Therapies Conclusion 96. Corneal Complications of Intraocular Surgery Epithelial Complications Thermal Burns Descemet Membrane Tear/Detachment Infectious Keratitis Endothelial Injury Incidence Histopathology of Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy and Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy Pathogenesis Brown-Mclean Syndrome Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome Specific Etiologic Factors in Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy and Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy Treatment Future Considerations 97. External Eye Manifestations of Biological and Chemical Warfare Background Mechanism of Attack Warning Signs Biological Diseases Chemical Agents SECTION 9. Contact Lenses 98. Contact Lens Applications in Corneal Disease Introduction Contact Lens Materials: Historical Overview Soft Lens Innovations Contact Lenses As Bandage Lenses Therapeutic Uses for Contact Lenses Contact Lenses for Drug Delivery Irregular Cornea and Ectasia Wavefront Customized Contact Lens Designs Contact Lens Correction for Vision Correction After Surgery Contact Lens Correction After Refractive Surgery Prosthetic Contact Lenses Summary 99. Complications of Contact Lens Wear Introduction Patient History Abrasions Infections Contact Lens-Induced Keratopathy Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis and Other Allergies Dry Eyes Hypoxia Corneal Warpage Contact Lens-Induced Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency Conclusion The Sclera and Anterior Uvea SECTION 1. Disorders of the Sclera 100. Episcleritis Anatomy Incidence Clinical Manifestations Course Differential Diagnosis Pathology Imaging Angiography Complications Etiology Laboratory Evaluation Treatment 101. Scleritis Immune-Mediated Scleritis Infectious Scleritis SECTION 2. Anterior Uveitis 102. Classification and Diagnosis of Anterior Uveitis Diagnosis Symptoms of Anterior Uveitis History Demographic Information Past Medical History and Review of Systems Social and Family History Physical Examination Classification Response to Therapy Diagnostic Evaluation Treatment Summary 103. Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis Classification of Uveitis History of Uveitis Ocular Examination Differential Diagnoses of Anterior Uveitis Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Of Anterior Uveitis Topical Corticosteroids Topical Cycloplegics Regional Corticosteroid Injections and Implants Systemic Corticosteroids Systemic Immunosuppressive Drugs Biologic Agents Treatment Of Complications Summary 104. HLA-B27–Associated Uveitis Epidemiology Clinical Features Etiology Hla-B27 and its Association With Spondyloarthropathies Treatment Complications and Prognosis 105. Sarcoidosis Ocular Manifestations Diagnosis Course and Management 106. Behçet Disease Systemic Manifestations of Behçet Disease Ocular Manifestations of Behçet Disease Anterior Segment Findings Posterior Segment Findings Laboratory Investigations in Behçet Disease Treatment of Ocular Findings in Behçet Disease Conventional Therapy Biologic Therapy 107. Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome Clinical Features Etiology Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 108. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis Epidemiology Clinical Features Ocular Clinical Features Etiology Treatment of Ocular Disease Screening Conclusion 9780323672405

Place Hold on Cornea : fundamentals, diagnosis and management vol.1

Cornea : fundamentals, diagnosis and management vol.2

By Mannis, Mark J.; Holland, Edward J.. Amsterdam Elsevier, 2022 . 1147-1804+index , SURGERY OF THE CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA Keratoplasty SECTION 1. Overview 109. The Evolution of Contemporary Keratoplasty Early Contributions to Corneal Transplantation Modern Techniques of Corneal Transplantation The Evolution From Penetrating Keratoplasty Back to Lamellar Keratoplasty Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Thin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Techniques Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Use of the Femtosecond Laser Ocular Surface Transplantation Cell-Based Therapy for Endothelial Dysfunction Conclusion 110. Preoperative Considerations and Decision-Making in Keratoplasty General Considerations Summary SECTION 2. Penetrating Keratoplasty Procedures 111. Penetrating Keratoplasty: The Fundamentals Introduction Factors in Patient Selection Establish Realistic Expectations Surgical Setting and Anesthesia Preoperative Preparations Surgical Steps in Phakic Penetrating Keratoplasty Surgical Tips on Wound Closure Postoperative Suture Adjustment Special Circumstances 112. Intraoperative Complications of Penetrating Keratoplasty Complications Related to Anesthesia Scleral Perforation with Fixation Sutures Complications Related to Trephination Complications Related to Damage to Intraocular Structures Complications Related to Positive Vitreous Pressure Complications Related to Bleeding in the Anterior Segment Expulsive Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage 113. Femtosecond-Assisted Penetrating Keratoplasty Introduction Laboratory Research Problems With Traditional Penetrating Keratoplasty Laser Platforms Preoperative Evaluation Posterior Side Bridge Trephination Geometry Surgical Methodology Early Outcomes Femtosecond Laser-Enabled Keratoplasty Versus Conventional Penetrating Keratoplasty Suture-Out Femtosecond Laser-Enabled Keratoplasty Data Femtosecond-Assisted Lamellar Keratoplasty SECTION 3. Penetrating Keratoplasty: Postoperative Management 114. Postoperative Management Immediate Postoperative Care Early Postoperative Care Postoperative Care Postoperative Care in Infants and Children Early Postoperative Complications Wound Leaks and Wound Displacement Persistent Epithelial Defects Filamentary Keratitis Suture-Related Complications Elevated Intraocular Pressure Postoperative Inflammation Anterior Synechia Pupillary Block Choroidal Detachment and Choroidal Hemorrhage Hyphema Fixed Dilated Pupil Postoperative Infection Primary Graft Failure Epithelial Downgrowth Fibrous Ingrowth Differential Diagnosis Management of PostKeratoplasty Astigmatism Preoperative Factors Intraoperative Factors Postoperative Factors Conclusion 115. Diagnosis and Management of Corneal Allograft Rejection Clinical Aspects of Corneal Allograft Rejection Historical Perspective Recognition of Risk Factors Clinical Features of Corneal Allograft Rejection Differential Diagnosis of Corneal Allograft Rejection Treatment of Corneal Allograft Rejection Prevention of Corneal Allograft Rejection Management Strategy 116. Infections After Penetrating Keratoplasty Microbial Keratitis Suture Abscess Infectious Crystalline Keratopathy Endophthalmitis Recurrence of Host Infections After Penetrating Keratoplasty Newly Acquired Herpetic Keratitis After Keratoplasty Transmission of Unusual Infections Conclusion 117. Glaucoma After Corneal Transplantation Incidence Risk Factors The Prekeratoplasty Evaluation Clinical Presentation Glaucoma and Graft Failure Summary SECTION 4. Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty 118. Indications for Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Introduction Lamellar Keratoplasty Techniques For Stromal Diseases Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Indications 119. Historical Development of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty 120. Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Introduction Surgical Anatomy of the Corneal Stroma Dalk Surgical Techniques 121. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Indications for Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Surgical Instruments to Prevent Intraoperative Complications Intraoperative Complications Postoperative Complications 122. Recovery Techniques in Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Introduction Standard Techniques And Learning Curves Avoidance of Descemet Membrane Ruptures Repair of Descemet Membrane Ruptures 123. Outcomes of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Introduction Visual Outcomes Refractive Outcomes Graft Survival Suture Management and Other Postoperative Factors Resistance to Trauma Surgical Planning Summary SECTION 5. Complex Keratoplasty 124. Pediatric Keratoplasty Introduction An Approach to Treating Children with Corneal Opacities Indications Preoperative Evaluation Management Options Pediatric Keratoplasty Scheduling Surgery Operative Technique Anesthesia Penetrating Keratoplasty Rotational Penetrating Autokeratoplasty Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Endothelial Keratoplasty Concomitant Procedures Postoperative Evaluation Early Postoperative Complications Intermediate to Late Postoperative Complications Optical Correction and Amblyopia Therapy Graft Survival Risk Factors for Failure Visual Outcome The Future 125. Keratoplasty in Herpes Simplex Infection Indications and Timing for Corneal Grafting Preoperative Measures Operative Technique Postoperative Management 126. Immunologically High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty and Large-Diameter Corneal Grafts Introduction Immunology of Graft Rejection Risk Factors for Immune Rejection (BOX 126.1) Clinical Management of Immunologically High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty SECTION 6. Endothelial Keratoplasty 127. Historical Development of Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Early Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty The Flap Technique of Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty The Limbal Approach to Endothelial Replacement Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Advances in Eye Bank Tissue Preparation Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Alternatives to Endothelial Transplantation: Descemet Stripping Only and Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors 128. Indications and Decision-Making for Endothelial Keratoplasty Indications for Endothelial Keratoplasty Advantages of Endothelial Keratoplasty Types of Endothelial Keratoplasty Procedures Patient Selection Duration of Corneal Edema Lens Considerations Conclusion 129. Eye Bank Preparation of Tissue for Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Issues to Consider Techniques Summary 130. Surgical Techniques for Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Intraoperative Considerations Techniques to Improve Donor Adherence Donor Insertion Techniques Donor Apposition Techniques Early Postoperative Management Special Considerations for Endothelial Keratoplasty Summary 131. Ultrathin Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Indications Preoperative Planning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care Results Complications Conclusion 132. Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Ultrathin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty and its Outcomes Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes Intraoperative Technique for Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (Fig. 132.2 and Video 132.1) Advantages of Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty 133. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Complications of Donor Tissue Preparation Intraoperative Complications Postoperative Complications 134. Outcomes of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Results Summary 135. Surgical Technique for Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Injectors Recipient Preparation Wound Creation Graft Orientation Unscrolling and Centering Graft Tamponade With Air or Sulfur Hexafluoride 20% 136. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Intraoperative Complications Postoperative Complications Conclusion 137. Outcomes of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Visual Function After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Morphology After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Preoperative Considerations Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Perioperative Considerations Postoperative Management and Complications Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Comparison With Other Techniques of Posterior Lamellar Surgery Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Special Situations 138. Complex Endothelial Keratoplasty Introduction Lens Abnormalities Anterior Chamber Abnormalities Iris Abnormalities Previous Glaucoma Surgery Previous Failed Graft Summary 139. Cultivated Corneal Endothelial Cell Transplantation Concept Corneal Endothelial Cell Biology Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cells-Sheet Transplantation Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cells-Injection Therapy Topical Treatment of Corneal Endothelial Disease Therapeutic Procedures SECTION 1. Corneal Surgery 140. Management of Corneal Perforations Etiology Terminology Signs and Symptoms of Descemetocele and Perforation Preoperative Management Treatment Options Prevention of Corneal Perforation Conclusion 141. Therapeutic Keratoplasty Therapeutic Keratoplasty for Infectious Keratitis Tectonic Indications for Therapeutic Keratoplasty Presurgical Evaluation Antimicrobial Therapy Donor Material Surgical Technique Postoperative Management of Therapeutic Keratoplasty Visual Prognosis for Therapeutic Keratoplasty 142. Surgical Management of Superficial Corneal and Conjunctival Disease Introduction Superficial Corneal Diseases Superficial Conjunctival Diseases Conclusion 143. Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy Introduction Indications for Phototherapeutic Keratectomy Contraindications Preoperative Evaluation Patient Selection Techniques Postoperative Management Results Side Effects and Complications Future Directions Summary SECTION 2. Conjunctival Surgery Management of Primary Pterygium Introduction Definition and Morphology Epidemiology of Pterygium Pathogenesis of Pterygium Therapeutic Options for Pterygium Complications of Conjunctival Autografting Conclusion 145. Management of Recurrent Pterygium Introduction Aims and Definitions Risk Factors for Pterygium Recurrence Dry Eye Syndrome Timing of Surgery Surgical Technique Previous Surgical Procedures Other Considerations Medial Rectus Author’s Technique Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Pterygium Surgery Further Considerations Conclusion 146. Conjunctival Flaps Introduction Indications Lacrimal Punctal Occlusion Disadvantages Surgical Techniques Complications 147. Indications for and Uses of Amniotic Membrane: Clinic The Amniotic Membrane: Histology, Biologic Properties, and Clinical Effects Preserving The Amniotic Membrane Complications 148. Indications for and Uses of Amniotic Membrane: Operating Room The Amniotic Membrane: Histology, Biologic Properties, and Clinical Effects Preservation Methods of Amniotic Membrane: Tissue Bank Techniques for Amniotic Membrane Implantation in The Operating Room (Video 148.1 ) Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ocular Surface Diseases1,2,5 Limitations of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ocular Surface Diseases Complications SECTION 3. Anterior Segment Surgery 149. Surgical Management and Rehabilitation of Anterior Segment Trauma Patient Evaluation Management of Penetrating and Perforating Trauma Postoperative Care Suture Removal Visual Rehabilitation Conclusion 150. Iris Reconstruction Surgery Iris Suture Techniques Iridodialysis Repair Iris Relaxing Incisions Iris Oversewing of Transillumination Defects Scissors Sculpting Vitrector Sculpting Iris Prostheses Summary 151. Management of Scleral Perforation General Management Strategies Anesthesia for Scleral Perforations Surgical Repair of Scleral Perforations Summary PART XI. Collagen Crosslinking 152. Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus Introduction Mechanism of Action Indications Contraindications Surgical Procedure Cellular and Ultrastructural Findings After Crosslinking Biomechanical Changes Complications Clinical Outcomes Future Directions Conclusion 153. Collagen Crosslinking for Postrefractive Ectasia Introduction Pathophysiology Clinical Outcomes Topographic Outcomes Postoperative Timecourse Biomechanical Effects of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Complications Postoperative Haze Corneal Pachymetry Predictors of Outcomes Future of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Financial Disclosure 154. Collagen Crosslinking for Infectious Keratitis Bacterial Susceptibility Fungal Susceptibility Acanthamoeba Susceptibility PACK-Corneal Crosslinking Conclusion PART XII. Keratoprosthesis 155. Indications for Keratoprosthesis Introduction Keratoprosthesis Designs Currently in Wide Use Other Keratoprosthesis Devices Summary 156. Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Surgical Technique Preoperative Evaluation Assembly and Surgical Procedure ( Video 156.1) Postoperative Management 157. Postoperative Management of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Avoidance of Complications Postoperative Patient Evaluation Postoperative Treatment Conclusion 158. Complications of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Retroprosthetic Membrane Glaucoma Endophthalmitis Posterior Segment Complications Infectious Keratitis Keratolysis or Corneal Melt Extrusion or Keratoprosthesis Loss 159. Outcomes of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Introduction Visual Acuity and Prosthesis Retention Postoperative Complications Retroprosthetic Membranes Glaucoma Infectious Keratitis Endophthalmitis Sterile Vitritis Retinal Detachment Corneal Melt Conclusion 160. Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 2 Surgical Techniques, Complications, and Outcomes Background and Design Surgical Planning Surgical Technique Postoperative Care Outcomes and Complications Conclusion 161. Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis Introduction Preoperative Assessment Surgical Technique Results and Complications Conclusion 162. Contemporary Approaches to the Biosynthetic Cornea: Overview and Classification Alphacor Keraklear Tissue Engineering Cell Culture—Endothelial Cell Injection Therapy Future Directions Conclusion PART XIII. Ocular Surface Transplantation 163. Classification and Staging of Ocular Surface Disease Introduction Classification of Ocular Surface Disease Staging of Ocular Surface Disease 164. Conjunctival Limbal Autograft 1 Introduction Indications and Patient Selection Preoperative Evaluation and Ocular Surface Optimization Surgical Procedure Postoperative Management Outcomes and Complications Surgical Alternatives 165. Living-Related Conjunctival Limbal Allograft Introduction Indications/Contraindications Preoperative Considerations Surgical Procedure The Cincinnati Procedure and Combined LR-CLAL With Conjunctival Limbal Autograft Postoperative Management Rejection and Failure Ocular Surface Stability and Visual Acuity Outcomes 166. Keratolimbal Allograft Indications and Contraindications Preoperative Considerations Surgical Technique Combined Conjunctival Limbal Allograft and Keratolimbal Allograft (“Cincinnati Procedure”) Postoperative Considerations 167. Cultivated Limbal Epithelial Transplant Introduction History Origin of Cells Culture Process Surgical Procedure CLET in Children Follow Up Results Table (LSCD Review) Outcomes Complications Advantages and Disadvantages of CLET Future Directions of CLET 168. Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation Introduction Indications for Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation Technique Technique Modifications Results Allogenic Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation Complications and Risk Factors for Failure Other Indications for SLET Conclusion 169. Postoperative Management of Ocular Surface Reconstruction Introduction Preoperative Screening and Donor Selection—the Cincinnati Protocol Preventing Immune Rejection Immunosuppression Regimen Ocular Surface Rehabilitation Postoperative Infectious Keratitis 170. Corneal Transplantation in Ocular Surface Disease Introduction Review of the Literature Treatment Paradigm for Keratoplasty in Patients With Severe Ocular Surface Disease Summary 171. Outcomes of Ocular Surface Transplantation Introduction Outcome Measures Autograft Outcomes Allogeneic Outcomes Keratoplasty Outcomes Rejection Outcomes Ocular Hypertension/Glaucoma Infectious Keratitis (Fig. 171.2) Conclusion Refractive Surgery SECTION 1. Preoperative Considerations 172. Decision-Making in Refractive Surgery Excimer Laser Vision Correction Thin-Flap Lasik Surface Ablation Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction Conductive Keratoplasty Arcuate Transverse Keratotomy Phakic Intraocular Lenses Intraocular Lens After Phacoemulsification Retreatments And Sequential Procedures Intracorneal Inlays Treatment of Presbyopia 173. Patient Evaluation and Selection in Refractive Surgery Introduction History Examination Informed Consent 174. Topographic Analysis in Keratorefractive Surgery Introduction Background Clinical Applications Postoperative Evaluations Future Horizons SECTION 2. Laser Vision Correction 175. Excimer Laser Surface Treatment: Photorefractive Keratectomy Excimer Laser Surface Treatment Indications for Photorefractive Keratectomy Specific Considerations in Photorefractive Keratectomy Candidate Evaluation Photorefractive Keratectomy Epithelial Removal Postoperative Management Results Complications Conclusion 176. LASIK Technique Introduction The Evolution of Lasik Advantages of the Femtosecond Laser Flap Creation Versus the Microkeratome Lasik Evaluation Preoperative Planning Preoperative Preparation Technique Lasik Results Lasik Enhancements The Future of Lasik 177. LASIK for Myopia History LASIK LASIK in Complex Cases LASIK After Smile LASIK After Intraocular Lenses Intraocular Lens Calculations After LASIK Summary 178. LASIK for Hyperopia Introduction Physiologic Aspects of Hyperopia Corneal Surgery for Hyperopia Preoperative Considerations and Patient Selection Indications for Lasik for Hyperopia Technique Results Complications Conclusion 179. LASIK Complications Introduction Intraoperative LASIK Complications Early Postoperative Complications Late Postoperative LASIK Complications 180. Corneal Ectasia: Prevention, Detection, and Management Prevention Detection Management 181. Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction Introduction Basic Science Clinical Assessments and Outcomes Enhancement Following Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction Conclusions and Future Prospects SECTION 3. Additional Refractive Procedures 182. Topography-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy Keratoconus, Pellucid Marginal Degeneration, or Ectasia After Radial Keratotomy After LASIK, PRK, or SMILE Other Conditions Caution in Interpreting Topographic Maps Summary 183. Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments A Brief History of the Technique Mechanism of Action Market Availability Indications and Contraindications Surgical Planning Surgical Procedure Complications 184. Combined Corneal Refractive Techniques Combination of Two Procedures Excluding Excimer Laser Ablation Combination of Two Procedures, at Least One Of Which is an Ablation Procedure Triple Procedure Four-Stage Procedure 185. Incisional Keratotomy Introduction Manual Peripheral Corneal Relaxing Incisions Femtosecond Corneal Relaxing Incisions Alignment Incisional Keratotomy for Post Keratoplasty or Cornea Refractive Surgery Summary 186. Phakic Intraocular Lenses Introduction Angle-Supported Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses Anterior Chamber Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lenses Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses Bioptics 187. Corneal Inlay Surgery for Presbyopia: Techniques and Complications Introduction Small-Aperture Inlays: Lessons Learned Postoperative Management Conclusion Index 9780323672405

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