Subhash M Khatri creator text New Delhi Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers 2025 3 monographic eng

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330p. Contents 1. Basic Concepts and Pain..........................................................................1 Basic Concepts of Electricity 1 • Production of Electrical Charges 2 • Characteristics of Charged Body 3 • Characteristics of Lines of Forces 4 • Potential Difference 5 • Current Electricity 5 • Resistance in Series and Parallel 6 • Fuse 7 • Ohm’s Law 8 • Electrical Shocks 8 • Electrical and Chemical Burns 11 • Condensers 13 • Magnetism 15 • Electromagnetic Induction 16 • Electromagnetic Spectrum 17 • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 18 • Valves and Transformers 19 • Ionization 21 Pain 23 • Historical Aspects Pertaining to Pain 23 • Pain Perception 27 • Pain Pathway 28 • Pain Measurement 29 • Management of Pain 31 2. What is Electrotherapy?........................................................................ 35 • Definition and Areas of Study 35 • Low-Frequency Currents 37 • Medium-Frequency Currents 39 High-Frequency Currents 41 • Phototherapy 42 • Electrodiagnosis 43 • Biofeedback 45 • Classification of Currents 46 • Active and Passive Modalities 51 • Approaches to Electrotherapy 52 3. History of Electrotherapy..................................................................... 55 • Muscle-Nerve Stimulation 56 • Iontophoresis 57 • High-Frequency Currents 58 • Phototherapy 59 • Medical Use of Electricity 59 4. Muscle and Nerve Stimulating Currents....................................... 65 • Direct Current 65 • Faradic Current 80 • Interrupted Direct Current 91 • Physiotherapy for Peripheral Nerve Injuries 100 • Classification of Nerve Injuries 101 • Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation 102 • Interferential Current 110 • Russian Current 117 • Sinusoidal Current 119 • High Voltage Pulsed Galvanic Current 120 • Micro Amperage Electrical Nerve Stimulation 121 • Diadynamic Current 122 • Procedure Outline for Low Frequency Current (LFC) and Medium Frequency Current (MFC) Application 123 5. Diagnostic Electrotherapy.................................................................125 • Electrodiagnosis 125 • Rheobase and Chronaxie 126 • Strength-Duration Curves 127 • Pulse Ratio 134 • Faradic Interrupted Direct Current (IDC) Test 134 • Nerve Conductivity Test 135 • Nerve Distribution Test 135 • Neurotization Time 136 • Galvanic-Tetanus Ratio 137 • Dermo Ohmometry 138 • Polar Formula 139 • Myotonic Reaction 140 • Reaction of Degeneration 140 • Electromyography 141 • Motor Unit Potentials 145 • Electrophysiological Tests with Electromyography 151 6. Thermotherapy.......................................................................................170 • Short-Wave Diathermy 170 • Microwave Diathermy 181 • Long-Wave Diathermy 185 • Oudin Current 191 • Paraffin Wax Bath Therapy 192 • Hot Packs 195 • Electrical Heating Pads 199 • Procedure Outline for High-Frequency Current Application 200 7. Therapeutic Ultrasound .................................................................... 202 Ultrasound as a Therapeutic Modality 202 • Pulsed Ultrasound 211 • Phonophoresis 212 • Combination Therapy 214 • Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) 215 8. Cryotherapy ............................................................................................ 218 Cryotherapy (Hypothermy) 218 9. Phototherapy ......................................................................................... 227 • History 227 • Therapeutic Laser 229 Infrared Rays 239 • Ultraviolet Rays 247 • Puva and Ionozone Therapy 254 10. Safety Precautions in Electrotherapy ......................................... 258 • Importance of Safety Precautions 258 • Causes and Types of Hazards 259 • Safety Precautions to be Followed 262 11. Clinical Decision-making in Electrotherapy ............................ 268 • What is Clinical Decision-making? 268 • Suggestions for Clinical Decision-making 271 12. Biofeedback............................................................................................. 275 • Biofeedback as a Clinical Tool 275 • Types of Biofeedback 277 • Treatment Duration 296 • Advantages and Disadvantages 297 Glossary.................................................................................................................. 301 Suggested Reading ............................................................................................. 305 Index........................................................................................................................ 313 Electrotherapy 615.845 SUB-B3 9789366167541 251227 20251227124208.0