@book{49170, author = {Vasudevan, DM and Mukherjee, Sukhes}, title = {Concise Textbook of Biochemistry for Paramedical Students}, publisher = {Jaypee brothers medical publishers}, year = {2021}, address = {New Delhi}, edition = {2nd edition}, note = {Contents 1. Introduction to Biochemistry 1 • Study of Metabolic Processes 2 2. The Cell 4 • Cell Theory 4 • Structure of a Typical Cell 5 • Subcellular Organelles 5 • Transport Mechanisms 9 3. Enzymes 14 • Coenzymes 14 • Classification of Enzymes 15 • Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity 16 • Mechanisms of Enzyme Reaction 19 • Active Site or Active Center of Enzyme 20 • Enzyme Inhibition 21 • Zymogens 23 • Isoenzymes 25 4. Carbohydrate Chemistry 29 • Functions of Carbohydrates 29 • Classification of Carbohydrates 29 • Properties of Monosaccharides 31 • Reactions of Carbohydrates 33 • Modified Monosaccharides 34 • Disaccharides 34 • Polysaccharides 37 5. Carbohydrate Metabolism 41 • Digestion 41 • Absorption 41 • Glucose Metabolism 42 • Glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof Pathway) 42 • Gluconeogenesis 46 • Cori Cycle 48 • Glycogenolysis 48 • Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) 49 • Glycogen Storage Diseases 50 • Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathway/Pentose Phosphate Pathway/ Phosphogluconate Oxidative Pathway/ Dickens–Horecker Pathway 50 • Glucuronic Acid Pathway 51 • Fructose Metabolism 52 • Galactose Metabolism 53 6. Regulation of Blood Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus 56 • Blood Glucose Level 56 • Insulin 57 • Diabetes Mellitus 58 • Reducing Substances in Urine 63 7. Lipid Chemistry 67 • Functions of Lipids 67 • Clinical Applications of Lipids 67 • Classification of Lipids 68 • Fatty Acids 69 • Essential Fatty Acids 71 • Simple Lipids 71 • Compound Lipids 72 8. Lipid Metabolism 80 • Digestion of Lipids 80 • Absorption of Long-Chain Fatty Acids 80 • Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids 82 • Synthesis of Fatty Acids 85 • Ketogenesis (Formation of Ketone Bodies) 88 • Ketolysis 88 • Metabolism of Triglycerides 89 • Fatty Liver 90 • Essential Fatty Acids 91 9. Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 96 • Structure of Cholesterol 96 • Biosynthesis of Cholesterol 96 • Importance of Cholesterol 97 • Plasma Lipids 99 • Cardiac Biomarkers 104 10. Amino Acids and Proteins: Chemistry 108 • General Functions of Proteins 108 • Amino Acids 108 • Classification of Proteins 115 • Levels of Organization of Proteins 117 • Denaturation of Proteins 117 x Concise Textbook of Biochemistry for Paramedical Students 11. Amino Acids and Proteins: Metabolism 121 • Digestion of Proteins 121 • Absorption of Amino Acids 122 • Amino Acid Pool 122 • Urea Cycle 123 • General Reactions of Amino Acid Metabolism 124 • Metabolism of Individual Amino Acids 126 • Nitric Oxide 129 • Branched-Chain Amino Acids 130 12. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 136 • Salient Features of Inborn Errors of Metabolism 136 • Inborn Errors Associated with Amino Acid Metabolism 136 • Inherited Disorders of Lipid Metabolism 139 • Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism 140 • Inborn Errors of Nucleic Acid Metabolism 141 • Important Groups of Inborn Errors of Metabolism 141 13. Citric Acid Cycle, Biological Oxidation, and Free Radicals 143 • Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle 143 • Biological Oxidation 148 • Free Radicals or Reactive Oxygen Species 150 14. Plasma Proteins, Immunoglobulins, and Tissue Proteins 156 • Normal Values of Proteins in Plasma 156 • Separation of Plasma Proteins 156 • Normal Values and Interpretations 157 • Abnormal Patterns in Clinical Diseases 157 • Albumin 157 • Globulins 158 • Transport Proteins 159 • Functions of Plasma Proteins 159 • Acute Phase Proteins 159 • Gamma-Globulins (Immunoglobulins) 159 • General Immunity 162 • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test 165 • Special Proteins 166 • Muscle Proteins 168 • Lens Proteins 168 15. Hemoglobin 171 • Heme Metabolism 171 • Hemoglobin 176 • Abnormal Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin Variants or Hemoglobinopathies) 177 • Transport of Oxygen by Hemoglobin 178 • Transport of Carbon Dioxide 179 16. Vitamins 182 • Vitamins in General 182 • Vitamin A 183 • Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) 185 • Vitamin E 188 • Vitamin K 188 • Water-Soluble Vitamins 188 • Pantothenic Acid 193 • Cobalamin 195 17. Minerals 200 • Calcium 200 • Phosphorus 203 • Magnesium 204 • Sodium 204 • Potassium 205 • Chloride 205 • Sulfur 206 • Trace Elements 206 • Iron 206 • Copper 209 • Iodine 210 • Zinc 210 • Fluoride 211 • Selenium 211 • Heavy Metal Poisoning 211 18. Nutrition 215 • Calorific Value 215 • Respiratory Quotient 215 • Energy Requirements of a Normal Person 216 • Proximate Principles 217 • Obesity 219 • Balanced Diet 219 19. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance 223 • Acids and Bases 223 • Mechanism of Regulation of pH in the Body 225 Contents xi • Acid–Base Imbalance 227 • Electrolyte Balance 230 • Sodium 231 • Potassium 232 • Chloride 233 • Magnesium 233 20. Liver and Renal Function Tests 237 • Liver Function Tests 237 • Clinical Manifestations of Liver Dysfunction 237 • Tests Based on Bilirubin Metabolism 239 • Tests Based on Plasma Protein Estimation 240 • Tests Based on Serum Enzyme Activity 241 • Markers of Obstructive Liver Disease 241 • Renal Function Tests 241 • Normal Constituents of Urine 242 • Abnormal Constituents of Urine 242 • Clearance Tests (Markers for Glomerular Filtration Rate) 243 • Gastric Function Tests 246 • Fractional Test Meal 247 • Cerebrospinal Fluid 248 21. Molecular Biology 251 • Composition of Nucleotides 251 • Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotides 253 • Uric Acid 255 • Gout 255 • De Novo Synthesis of Pyrimidine 256 • Structure of Dna 256 • Replication of Dna 259 • Rna 259 • Transcription Process 260 • Protein Biosynthesis 262 • Translation Process 263 22. Biophysical and Biomedical Techniques 268 • Osmosis 268 • Dialysis 270 • Filtration 270 • Microscopes 271 • Electrophoresis 272 • Chromatography 276 • Recombinant Dna Technology 277 • Gene Therapy 278 • Polymerase Chain Reaction 280 Appendices 285 • Appendix A: Normal Values (Reference Values) 285 • Appendix B: Recommended Daily Allowance of Essential Nutrients 287 • Appendix C: Nutritional Value of Food Items 289 Index 291} }